Fermentation and biomass production are integral to the efficient manufacturing of probiotics and prebiotics. Fermentation processes utilize specialized microbial cultures under controlled conditions to enhance the yield and functionality of probiotics. These processes optimize parameters like temperature, pH, and nutrient availability to support microbial growth and metabolite production. Biomass production focuses on scaling these processes to industrial levels, ensuring consistent quality and high yield of active microbial cells. Advances in fermentation technologies, such as submerged and solid-state fermentation, have streamlined production while minimizing resource consumption. Integrating these methods enables cost-effective solutions for large-scale probiotic production, meeting the growing global demand for functional foods and supplements. Collaborative efforts in research and technology continue to refine these processes, ensuring sustainability and innovation in the field.